We use the term classical conditioning to describe one type of associative learning in which there is no contingency between response and reinforcer. This situation resembles most closely the experiment from Pavlov in the 1920s, where he trained his dogs to associate a bell ring with a food-reward (Ryle 1995). In such experiments, the subject initially shows weak or no response to a conditioned stimulus (CS, e.g. the bell), but a measurable unconditioned response (UCR, …
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…Riccio, David C. (2002). Spontaneous recovery of tolerance to the analgesic effect of morphine. Physiology & Behavior Vol 75, 465-471. Ryle, Anthony. (1995, July). Cognitive Analytic Therapy: Developments in Theory and Practice. Psychological Science. 114-115. Vancouver, Jeffrey B. (2001). The changing signs in the relationships among self-efficacy, personal goals, and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology Vol 86, 110-119. Williams, Nathan Lea. (2002). The cognitive interactional model of appraisal and coping: Implications for anxiety and depression. The Sciences & Engineering Vol 63, 555-565.